基于 Supermicro X7SPA-H (Atom D510) 的路由器(2)
续前。
除了硬件上直接采用的降噪措施之外,一些软件方面的配置也可以提高其效果。
首先是BIOS中的配置。风扇转速最低可调整为"Energy Saving"(即使用30%的频率)。启用Active Power State之后,可节省大约2W左右的耗电(这个选项的默认值是Disabled)。
然后是FreeBSD本身的配置。我个人采用的配置包括:
- 禁用硬盘的APM。WD的这款硬盘默认的APM值为128,这样它每隔大约10秒没有操作时就会将磁盘转速降低。这类操作对磁盘的寿命有一定影响(一般来说磁盘的机械部分支持10万到20万次这样的操作),因此可将其设为254;
- 启用磁盘的AAM。这个配置的好处是让磁盘控制其磁头臂的加速度,其效果是减少噪音,并且有一定的节能效果。注意:实际测试显示这个设置产生的节能效果基本上可以忽略不计,并且会稍微降低一些性能。磁盘的AAM数值设置为128(默认为254);
- 将经常写的日志放到 /tmp (使用tmpfs);
- 将收集entropy(随机数种子)的频率由每11分钟一次降低到每天一次;
- 启用 AHCI 磁盘驱动;将ahci通道的pm_level全部设置为5(设备在闲置125ms之后可申请通道链路进入SLUMBER模式)
- 禁用APIC时钟。
- 禁用AT RTC时钟。
- 对于没有驱动的PCI设备,将其置入D3模式(停电)。
上述设置,除了ahci部分之外,可将系统闲置时的功耗降低到17W左右。
以下是实现中采用的loader.conf相关的部分:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
hint.apic.0.clock=0
hint.atrtc.0.clock=0
hw.pci.do_power_nodriver=3
hint.ahcich.0.pm_level=5
hint.ahcich.1.pm_level=5
hint.ahcich.2.pm_level=5
hint.ahcich.3.pm_level=5
hint.ahcich.4.pm_level=5
hint.ahcich.5.pm_level=5
|
在引导系统时,root crontab使用下面的配置:
将APM设为254。注意,每个硬盘都需要:
@reboot /sbin/camcontrol cmd ada0 -a "EF 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FE 00"
将APM设为254。注意,每个硬盘都需要:
@reboot /sbin/camcontrol cmd ada0 -a "EF 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 00"
禁止硬盘自行idle;并不真的需要这个设置,它是预防性的:
@reboot /sbin/camcontrol idle ada0 -t 0
在 /etc/rc.conf 中启用一部分节能基础设施:
powerd_flags="-a hadp -b hadp -n hadp -i 25 -p 1500"
说明:hadp是默认的配置,实际并不需要;-p 1500表示将采样时间从250ms提高到1500ms,这可以减少powerd本身由于采样操作带来的CPU开销(我对powerd进行了少量改动以使其使用正确的CPU占用比例,系统自带的powerd目前采用的是CPU的占用比例总和,其采样值会比应该使用的值高CPU个数倍),-i 25表示将默认的idle阈值由50%降低为25%,这可以在一定程度上弥补由于减少采样速率导致对突发CPU需求响应变慢的不足。
X7SPA-H主板包含两个watchdog,一个是ICH9R芯片组内建的,另一个是 Winbond W83627DGH-P Super I/O 控制器内建的。在 BIOS 中打开 Watchdog 时启用的是后一个 watchdog。如果在 BIOS 交权后5分钟操作系统仍然没有去安抚watchdog,则硬件会直接对系统进行复位。
FreeBSD目前并没有包含 Winbond W83627 系列watchdog的驱动,我自己写了一个来支持它。在调试过程中发现,似乎没有有效的办法来判断其是否存在,故退而求其次改为检测芯片的revision来判断其存在。注意:这样做是有一定的风险的(读端口仍然可能触发不同硬件的动作)。
写好驱动并加入内核以后,在 /etc/rc.conf 中加入:
watchdogd_enable="YES"
watchdogd_flags="-s 4 -t 32"
这里还是同样的路子:尽可能减少不必要的上下文切换。每4秒安抚一次狗,同时将其触发点设为32秒。这样,当内核停止响应28-32秒的时候硬件便会自动复位。
这些设置可以提高系统在出现问题时自动恢复的机会。
由于Atom的计算能力较差,因此,可以使用计算能力较好的笔记本CPU来代替它来编译,具体方法是将系统的 / 等文件系统通过 NFS 来 export 给局域网的其他机器,在上位机上mount之后chroot进去编译,或者使用 ports 的 DESTDIR 支持,或编译好包之后上去 pkg_add。具体的做法可根据需要决定。
以下是我使用的内核编译配置,仅供参考。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
|
--- GENERIC 2010-09-10 17:37:11.669670139 -0700
+++ NEPTUNE 2010-09-23 03:44:26.018389103 -0700
@@ -1,25 +1,10 @@
#
-# GENERIC -- Generic kernel configuration file for FreeBSD/amd64
+# NEPTUNE -- Customized kernel configuration file for FreeBSD/amd64
#
-# For more information on this file, please read the config(5) manual page,
-# and/or the handbook section on Kernel Configuration Files:
-#
-# http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig-config.html
-#
-# The handbook is also available locally in /usr/share/doc/handbook
-# if you've installed the doc distribution, otherwise always see the
-# FreeBSD World Wide Web server (http://www.FreeBSD.org/) for the
-# latest information.
-#
-# An exhaustive list of options and more detailed explanations of the
-# device lines is also present in the ../../conf/NOTES and NOTES files.
-# If you are in doubt as to the purpose or necessity of a line, check first
-# in NOTES.
-#
-# $FreeBSD: stable/8/sys/amd64/conf/GENERIC 211171 2010-08-11 07:11:20Z bschmidt $
+# From FreeBSD: stable/8/sys/amd64/conf/GENERIC 211171 2010-08-11 07:11:20Z bschmidt
cpu HAMMER
-ident GENERIC
+ident NEPTUNE
# To statically compile in device wiring instead of /boot/device.hints
#hints "GENERIC.hints" # Default places to look for devices.
@@ -31,34 +16,22 @@ ident GENERIC
# env "GENERIC.env"
makeoptions DEBUG=-g # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols
+makeoptions CONF_CFLAGS=-fno-builtin #Don't allow use of memcmp, etc.
options SCHED_ULE # ULE scheduler
options PREEMPTION # Enable kernel thread preemption
options INET # InterNETworking
options INET6 # IPv6 communications protocols
options SCTP # Stream Control Transmission Protocol
-options FFS # Berkeley Fast Filesystem
-options SOFTUPDATES # Enable FFS soft updates support
-options UFS_ACL # Support for access control lists
-options UFS_DIRHASH # Improve performance on big directories
-options UFS_GJOURNAL # Enable gjournal-based UFS journaling
-options MD_ROOT # MD is a potential root device
options NFSCLIENT # Network Filesystem Client
options NFSSERVER # Network Filesystem Server
options NFSLOCKD # Network Lock Manager
-options NFS_ROOT # NFS usable as /, requires NFSCLIENT
-options MSDOSFS # MSDOS Filesystem
-options CD9660 # ISO 9660 Filesystem
options PROCFS # Process filesystem (requires PSEUDOFS)
options PSEUDOFS # Pseudo-filesystem framework
options GEOM_PART_GPT # GUID Partition Tables.
options GEOM_LABEL # Provides labelization
-options COMPAT_43TTY # BSD 4.3 TTY compat (sgtty)
options COMPAT_FREEBSD32 # Compatible with i386 binaries
-options COMPAT_FREEBSD4 # Compatible with FreeBSD4
-options COMPAT_FREEBSD5 # Compatible with FreeBSD5
-options COMPAT_FREEBSD6 # Compatible with FreeBSD6
-options COMPAT_FREEBSD7 # Compatible with FreeBSD7
+options COMPAT_FREEBSD7
options SCSI_DELAY=5000 # Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI
options KTRACE # ktrace(1) support
options STACK # stack(9) support
@@ -70,11 +43,9 @@ options _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING # P
options PRINTF_BUFR_SIZE=128 # Prevent printf output being interspersed.
options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV # install a CDEV entry in /dev
options HWPMC_HOOKS # Necessary kernel hooks for hwpmc(4)
-options AUDIT # Security event auditing
-options MAC # TrustedBSD MAC Framework
options FLOWTABLE # per-cpu routing cache
-#options KDTRACE_FRAME # Ensure frames are compiled in
-#options KDTRACE_HOOKS # Kernel DTrace hooks
+options KDTRACE_FRAME # Ensure frames are compiled in
+options KDTRACE_HOOKS # Kernel DTrace hooks
options INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE # Include this file in kernel
# Make an SMP-capable kernel by default
@@ -87,181 +58,30 @@ device cpufreq
device acpi
device pci
-# Floppy drives
-device fdc
-
-# ATA and ATAPI devices
-device ata
-device atadisk # ATA disk drives
-device ataraid # ATA RAID drives
-device atapicd # ATAPI CDROM drives
-device atapifd # ATAPI floppy drives
-device atapist # ATAPI tape drives
-options ATA_STATIC_ID # Static device numbering
-
# SCSI Controllers
-device ahc # AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices
-options AHC_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
- # output. Adds ~128k to driver.
-device ahd # AHA39320/29320 and onboard AIC79xx devices
-options AHD_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
- # output. Adds ~215k to driver.
-device amd # AMD 53C974 (Tekram DC-390(T))
-device hptiop # Highpoint RocketRaid 3xxx series
-device isp # Qlogic family
-#device ispfw # Firmware for QLogic HBAs- normally a module
-device mpt # LSI-Logic MPT-Fusion
-#device ncr # NCR/Symbios Logic
-device sym # NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets + those of `ncr')
-device trm # Tekram DC395U/UW/F DC315U adapters
-
-device adv # Advansys SCSI adapters
-device adw # Advansys wide SCSI adapters
-device aic # Adaptec 15[012]x SCSI adapters, AIC-6[23]60.
-device bt # Buslogic/Mylex MultiMaster SCSI adapters
+device ahci
# SCSI peripherals
device scbus # SCSI bus (required for SCSI)
-device ch # SCSI media changers
device da # Direct Access (disks)
-device sa # Sequential Access (tape etc)
-device cd # CD
device pass # Passthrough device (direct SCSI access)
-device ses # SCSI Environmental Services (and SAF-TE)
-
-# RAID controllers interfaced to the SCSI subsystem
-device amr # AMI MegaRAID
-device arcmsr # Areca SATA II RAID
-#XXX it is not 64-bit clean, -scottl
-#device asr # DPT SmartRAID V, VI and Adaptec SCSI RAID
-device ciss # Compaq Smart RAID 5*
-device dpt # DPT Smartcache III, IV - See NOTES for options
-device hptmv # Highpoint RocketRAID 182x
-device hptrr # Highpoint RocketRAID 17xx, 22xx, 23xx, 25xx
-device iir # Intel Integrated RAID
-device ips # IBM (Adaptec) ServeRAID
-device mly # Mylex AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID
-device twa # 3ware 9000 series PATA/SATA RAID
-
-# RAID controllers
-device aac # Adaptec FSA RAID
-device aacp # SCSI passthrough for aac (requires CAM)
-device ida # Compaq Smart RAID
-device mfi # LSI MegaRAID SAS
-device mlx # Mylex DAC960 family
-#XXX pointer/int warnings
-#device pst # Promise Supertrak SX6000
-device twe # 3ware ATA RAID
# atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse
device atkbdc # AT keyboard controller
device atkbd # AT keyboard
-device psm # PS/2 mouse
device kbdmux # keyboard multiplexer
device vga # VGA video card driver
-device splash # Splash screen and screen saver support
-
# syscons is the default console driver, resembling an SCO console
device sc
-device agp # support several AGP chipsets
-
-# PCCARD (PCMCIA) support
-# PCMCIA and cardbus bridge support
-device cbb # cardbus (yenta) bridge
-device pccard # PC Card (16-bit) bus
-device cardbus # CardBus (32-bit) bus
-
# Serial (COM) ports
device uart # Generic UART driver
-# Parallel port
-device ppc
-device ppbus # Parallel port bus (required)
-device lpt # Printer
-device plip # TCP/IP over parallel
-device ppi # Parallel port interface device
-#device vpo # Requires scbus and da
-
-# If you've got a "dumb" serial or parallel PCI card that is
-# supported by the puc(4) glue driver, uncomment the following
-# line to enable it (connects to sio, uart and/or ppc drivers):
-#device puc
-
# PCI Ethernet NICs.
-device de # DEC/Intel DC21x4x (``Tulip'')
device em # Intel PRO/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Family
-device igb # Intel PRO/1000 PCIE Server Gigabit Family
-device ixgbe # Intel PRO/10GbE PCIE Ethernet Family
-device le # AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx PCnet
-device ti # Alteon Networks Tigon I/II gigabit Ethernet
-device txp # 3Com 3cR990 (``Typhoon'')
-device vx # 3Com 3c590, 3c595 (``Vortex'')
-
-# PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code.
-# NOTE: Be sure to keep the 'device miibus' line in order to use these NICs!
-device miibus # MII bus support
-device ae # Attansic/Atheros L2 FastEthernet
-device age # Attansic/Atheros L1 Gigabit Ethernet
-device alc # Atheros AR8131/AR8132 Ethernet
-device ale # Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Ethernet
-device bce # Broadcom BCM5706/BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet
-device bfe # Broadcom BCM440x 10/100 Ethernet
-device bge # Broadcom BCM570xx Gigabit Ethernet
-device dc # DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes
-device et # Agere ET1310 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet
-device fxp # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (82557, 82558)
-device jme # JMicron JMC250 Gigabit/JMC260 Fast Ethernet
-device lge # Level 1 LXT1001 gigabit Ethernet
-device msk # Marvell/SysKonnect Yukon II Gigabit Ethernet
-device nfe # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet
-device nge # NatSemi DP83820 gigabit Ethernet
-#device nve # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet Networking
-device pcn # AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100 (precedence over 'le')
-device re # RealTek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S
-device rl # RealTek 8129/8139
-device sf # Adaptec AIC-6915 (``Starfire'')
-device sge # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS190/191
-device sis # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016
-device sk # SysKonnect SK-984x & SK-982x gigabit Ethernet
-device ste # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)
-device stge # Sundance/Tamarack TC9021 gigabit Ethernet
-device tl # Texas Instruments ThunderLAN
-device tx # SMC EtherPower II (83c170 ``EPIC'')
-device vge # VIA VT612x gigabit Ethernet
-device vr # VIA Rhine, Rhine II
-device wb # Winbond W89C840F
-device xl # 3Com 3c90x (``Boomerang'', ``Cyclone'')
-
-# ISA Ethernet NICs. pccard NICs included.
-device cs # Crystal Semiconductor CS89x0 NIC
-# 'device ed' requires 'device miibus'
-device ed # NE[12]000, SMC Ultra, 3c503, DS8390 cards
-device ex # Intel EtherExpress Pro/10 and Pro/10+
-device ep # Etherlink III based cards
-device fe # Fujitsu MB8696x based cards
-device sn # SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet chips
-device xe # Xircom pccard Ethernet
-
-# Wireless NIC cards
-device wlan # 802.11 support
-options IEEE80211_DEBUG # enable debug msgs
-options IEEE80211_AMPDU_AGE # age frames in AMPDU reorder q's
-options IEEE80211_SUPPORT_MESH # enable 802.11s draft support
-device wlan_wep # 802.11 WEP support
-device wlan_ccmp # 802.11 CCMP support
-device wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP support
-device wlan_amrr # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm
-device an # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs.
-device ath # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's
-device ath_hal # pci/cardbus chip support
-options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors
-device ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath
-device ral # Ralink Technology RT2500 wireless NICs.
-device wi # WaveLAN/Intersil/Symbol 802.11 wireless NICs.
# Pseudo devices.
device loop # Network loopback
@@ -281,45 +101,49 @@ device firmware # firmware assist modul
device bpf # Berkeley packet filter
# USB support
-options USB_DEBUG # enable debug msgs
+#options USB_DEBUG # enable debug msgs
device uhci # UHCI PCI->USB interface
-device ohci # OHCI PCI->USB interface
device ehci # EHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 2.0)
device usb # USB Bus (required)
-#device udbp # USB Double Bulk Pipe devices
-device uhid # "Human Interface Devices"
device ukbd # Keyboard
-device ulpt # Printer
device umass # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
-device ums # Mouse
-device urio # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player
-# USB Serial devices
-device uark # Technologies ARK3116 based serial adapters
-device ubsa # Belkin F5U103 and compatible serial adapters
-device uftdi # For FTDI usb serial adapters
-device uipaq # Some WinCE based devices
-device uplcom # Prolific PL-2303 serial adapters
-device uslcom # SI Labs CP2101/CP2102 serial adapters
-device uvisor # Visor and Palm devices
-device uvscom # USB serial support for DDI pocket's PHS
-# USB Ethernet, requires miibus
-device aue # ADMtek USB Ethernet
-device axe # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet
-device cdce # Generic USB over Ethernet
-device cue # CATC USB Ethernet
-device kue # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet
-device rue # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet
-device udav # Davicom DM9601E USB
-# USB Wireless
-device rum # Ralink Technology RT2501USB wireless NICs
-device uath # Atheros AR5523 wireless NICs
-device ural # Ralink Technology RT2500USB wireless NICs
-device zyd # ZyDAS zb1211/zb1211b wireless NICs
-
-# FireWire support
-device firewire # FireWire bus code
-#device sbp # SCSI over FireWire (Requires scbus and da)
-device fwe # Ethernet over FireWire (non-standard!)
-device fwip # IP over FireWire (RFC 2734,3146)
-device dcons # Dumb console driver
-device dcons_crom # Configuration ROM for dcons
+
+device coretemp
+device cpuctl
+device pf
+device smbus
+device smb
+device ichsmb
+device ichwd
+device winbondwd
+device crypto # core crypto support
+device cryptodev # /dev/crypto for access to h/w
+options IPSEC #IP security (requires device crypto)
+options PANIC_REBOOT_WAIT_TIME=5
+
+options ACCEPT_FILTER_DATA
+options ACCEPT_FILTER_HTTP
+options ACCEPT_FILTER_DNS
+options NULLFS
+options TMPFS
+
+options ALTQ
+options ALTQ_CBQ # Class Based Queueing
+options ALTQ_RED # Random Early Detection
+options ALTQ_RIO # RED In/Out
+options ALTQ_HFSC # Hierarchical Packet Scheduler
+options ALTQ_CDNR # Traffic conditioner
+options ALTQ_PRIQ # Priority Queueing
+options ALTQ_NOPCC # Required if the TSC is unusable
+
+options SHMMAXPGS=65536
+options SEMMNI=40
+options SEMMNS=240
+options SEMUME=40
+options SEMMNU=120
+
+options KDB
+options DDB
+options KDB_TRACE
+options DDB_NUMSYM
+options HZ=100
|
主要的改动包括:
- 删掉了FFS相关的配置,因为系统是纯ZFS的。注意:这个配置会导致不能使用UFS。
- 删掉了MSDOSFS,CD9660等用不到的文件系统支持。需要时可通过模块加载。
- 删掉了针对 FreeBSD 4-6 以及 4.3BSD TTY 的兼容支持
- 删掉了安全审计、MAC支持
- 完全删掉了 ata 支持。(采用ahci而不用ata(4)驱动)
- 没有用到的SCSI、PCMCIA、RAID、网卡、1394等一律砍掉
- USB部分只保留这款主板支持的ehci和uhci两种,砍掉ohci;内核只保留用于键盘的ukbd和用于外接硬盘的umass;
- 增加了coretemp(检测CPU温度,Atom D510的Tj(max)是100摄氏度、cpuctl(调试用)、pf(包过滤/NAT等)、smb相关(主板监控)、winbondwd(我写的watchdog驱动)、IPSec、ALTQ支持;
- 增加了内核调试器(注意,因为这台机器是在家使用,因此没使用SC_DISABLE_KDBKEY)以方便使用textdump。
- 内核上下文切换频率降为100Hz。这可以省掉大约4/5的中断。
实测静置(只跑网络部分,或完全闲置,网络流量在不吃CPU的时候对耗电影响不太明显)时耗电为17W。理论上AHCI相关的设置可以进一步减少耗电,但我还没有测过具体的影响。
当执行计算任务并且有大量硬盘操作时的耗电峰值是23W。
(未完待续)